See first Woman that Proposed to her man [PHOTOS]

Personally, I don't feel that this is right. It is not normal for a woman to propose to a man. But this woman, Ibiene Martha Williams proposed to his man, yesterday, and he said yes.

                                                   They hope to live happily ever after.

Lagos Guy Pretends to be Dead in an Accident, Only to Rise and Propose to his Girlfriend [Photos]

Eyewitness account has it that the young was man pictured lying lifeless on the road with red blood dripping from his head. 

                                 

 His girlfriend was brought to the scene. She can be seen grabbing him, crying and shaking him to    wake up.

                                           

                                         

  Suddenly he rises from the floor, stretches his hand for a ring and then proposes to her.

                                         

IF YOU NOTICE THESE SIGNS, SHE'S CHEATING ON YOU!

You may be a handsome guy, you may be charming, sweet and fun to be with, and you may be everything in the world but the centER of the universe. That your girlfriend loves you doesn’t mean she doesn’t love or have feelings for another man. It is disturbing to know that females can love one hundred men at a time.

Females have different reasons for liking or loving a person. A man can get into your girlfriend’s pants, not because he is handsome, but just because he makes her laugh. While men need a place (room) to have sex, women need a reason (emotional attachment, attraction) to have sex.

Cheating, however, happens to be a two-way thing; it is both physical and emotional. Physical cheating involves making out or having a fling with a person other than your partner. One cheats emotionally when one desires another, nurtures feelings for another other than one’s partner. Psychology has proved that while 60% of women are capable of cheating physically, all women are culpable of emotional infidelity.

Two out of every three women will cheat in a relationship or marriage. The big question is: will your girlfriend or wife cheat on you? You’d better believe that most women would cheat if they were sure that they won’t be caught. No marriage or relationship is perfect. The idea of loving only person is a big illusion too.

By the way, women are worse cheats than men because they are highly meticulous. A naive lover can live with a serial cheat all the days of his life without knowing that his woman is banging another man. I consider this a big injustice under the sun. So I have taken my time to help you out of this misery pretty soon before it is too late.

Now let me help you catch the cheating girlfriend or wife:

If your girlfriend is cheating on you, she’ll stop hanging out with your friends. She’ll also detach herself from your family members because she feels guilty. Withdrawing from your life, from your family and the company of your friends will make her feel less guilty. Words like “we” and “us” will disappear from her diction.

She’ll start nagging at any slightest provocation. She’ll try to look for reasons, no matter how flimsy, to lash out at you. She’s doing this because she wants to justify the deed she has done by proving that it wasn’t working out with you anyway. Throwing tantrums at you will help to wipe off the guilt in her heart. She’ll become a nitpicker, literally pointing every single grain of flaw in your sorry life.

There’s a mysterious someone somewhere who is making a slow but bigger impact in her life. This fellow will become her new source of happiness. Whenever you both are lying down in bed, she’d be pinging or chatting with this fellow on facebook, smiling and smiling to herself all the way. If you ask her about it, she’ll be reluctant to share information about the person with you. In fact, she’ll start acting suspicious. She’ll not be able to pick certain call beside you again. She has to excuse herself to walk one mile away to pick “an important call.” She’ll start to avoid simple questions and learn how to deflect questions by quickly repeating your questions back to you before answering them. It gives her the chance to search her mind for a lie.

She’ll scarcely have time for you again. She’ll start spending an unusual 3 hours in front of the mirror, 

painting and beautifying, before she can leave the house, fully spruced up. She dresses to kill, even on occasions where it is needless. Remember the way that she used to dress at the beginning of your relationship? Good. That’s how she’s going to start dressing. Chances are that she’s doing all this to impress her new fling.

She craves for independence. Words like “we” and “us” will disappear from her diction while the use of “I” features more often. If she is your girlfriend, she’ll become unwilling to discuss future plans with you.

And the climax of it all is that she’ll partially lose interest in having sex with you. If you people ever make love, it is only when she wants it. She’s already stringed to her secret lover after having sex with him.

Watch out when she accepts to go on “a harmless date” with some guy. She doesn’t care how it will make you feel and won’t mind what problems are going on in your new relationships.

If you observe any of these signs, there are chances that your spouse is cheating on you.

MITT ROMNEY TIPPED TO BECOME SECRETARY OF STATE AS TRUMP SHAPES CABINET

US president-elect, Donald Trump, and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney have set aside a bitter rivalry and held talks likely to feed speculation that Romney could be in line to be the next US secretary of state.

Trump and Romney emerged from their meeting after an hour and 20 minutes, and Trump told reporters the talks "went great".

Romney said the pair "had a far-reaching conversation with regards to the various theaters in the world".

"We discussed those areas and exchanged our views on those topics - a very thorough and in-depth discussion in the time we had," Romney said.

"And I appreciate the chance to speak with the president-elect and I look forward to the coming administration and the things that it's going to be doing."

Romney, who was a leader of the establishment Republican "Never Trump" movement that tried to block the tycoon from becoming the nominee, was first in a long list of people Trump was meeting with on Saturday and Sunday as he sought to fill out his cabinet and gather advice ahead of his January 20 move to the White House.

In March, Romney said Trump would be dangerous as president, with policies that could touch off a recession.

Romney also said: "I'm afraid that when it comes to foreign policy he is very, very not smart."

If given a job, Romney, a more mainstream Republican, would serve alongside more hawkish Trump appointees named on Friday: Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama as attorney general, retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn as national security adviser and Representative Mike Pompeo as CIA director.

Analysts say that Trump has been considering former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, a close adviser, for secretary of state, as well as former US ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton and Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee.

Source: Aljazeera

Tinubu's Debacle

The Jagaban of Borgu Kingdom and leader of Yoruba land, Asiwaju Ahmed Bola Tinubu is presently Nigeria’s most dutiful and successful politician of all time, for dethroning an incumbent president with media propaganda. Trained professionally as an accountant, Jagaban’s political career began way back in 1992 when he was elected to the Senate to represent Lagos West Senatorial Constituency in the Third Republic.

However, it would seem that Bola Tinubu’s political career as an opposition crusader in the murky waters of Nigeria’s political landscape is not a recent affair.  It all began way back in 1993, following the events of the June 12 annulment saga, when the June 12, 1993 presidential elections were annulled. Famed among followers as a man who would never give up without a fight, Tinubu mobilised support for the restoration of democracy and recognition of the June 12 presidential election results using a pro-democracy group, named the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO). His opposition posture and firm resistance of the reins of anti-democracy did not go down well with the brutal military dictatorship of late Sani Abacha, whose bone-chilling resolve to crush all his political adversaries sent the Asiwaju of Lagos, Bola Tinubu taking flight from Nigeria on self-imposed exile, on the heels of safety. Jagaban returned to Nigeria in 1998 shortly after the death of General Sani Abacha.

                                                

In 1999, Tinubu competed against Funsho Williams and Wahab Dosunmu and won Alliance for Democracy’s primaries for the Lagos State governorship elections. The Ad ticket was given to him, and in 1999, he vied for the position of Governor and emerged victorious at the polls.

Tinubu has earned a reputation in Nigeria for being a man that is always on the opposing side of life. Even as Governor, he continued in his opposition streak, entering into a long-drawn controversial feud with President Olusegun Obasanjo-led Federal Government over his insistence to create additional Local Council Development Areas to cushion the needs and effects of Lagos’ soaring population. As a result, the Federal Government seized funds meant for local development councils in the state. Since then, Asiwaju of Lagos has been in constant clashes with the ruling Peoples’ Democratic Party.

Tinubu must have been meticulous enough to have avoided stepping on banana peels littered all over the corridors of powers as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) summarily cleared him of charges of conspiracy, money laundering and official corruption. In 2007, he threw his weight behind the candidature of his protégé, Barrister Babatunde Raji Fashola who went ahead to become the Governor of Lagos State. It is believed by almost every Lagos resident that Bola Tinubu is political Godfather to Governor Fashola, and now, Governor Akinwunmi Ambode.

Indications had emerged in the past, as far back as 2007, that following the success of the PDP at the polls during the 2007 general elections, Bola Tinubu was involved in negotiating with Northern power blocs in the interest of forming a redoubtable “mega-party” that would wrestle power from the PDP in no distant time. The effort paid off into what is today known as the All Progressives Congress, a coalition of two regional political parties, Tinubu’s Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) and Buhari’s Congress for Progressive Change (CPC).

In the heat of his commonsense revolution, Tinubu introduced the “change” propaganda, judged by critics as insincere and deceitful, although in the eyes of the common man, the “change” slogan means nothing but a lucid representation of the people’s firm rejection of corruption. In 2014, Tinubu accused former President Goodluck Jonathan of “playing semantics with corruption” after the president declared, under seamlessly controversial circumstances, that “stealing is not corruption”.

With the emergence of Muhammadu Buhari as the president, it was widely believed among several classes of Nigerian citizens that Tinubu had fought his way into Aso Rock where he hoped to call the shots by directly influencing President Muhammadu Buhari’s decisions and operating Vice President Osinbajo like a remote control. But on the occasion of his inauguration and swearing-in ceremony into office as President and Commander-In-chief of the Armed Forces, President Muhammadu Buhari made it clear that he would not lend himself to being anybody’s puppet by affirming “I am for everybody; I’m for nobody”. In the past one year, it was also rumored among circles close to the presidency that Tinubu had not been able to affect changes in the president’s elusive political appointments.

But no, Jagaban would not lose it all rounds. In a ferocious, covetous attempt to keep holding on to the reins of power, Tinubu opened a can of worms in his political career by taking the fight down to the National Assembly where he intended to impose his dummies, Lawan and Gbajabiamila, as President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, on the whole 109 Nigerian Senators and 360 Members of the House of Representatives.

Unfortunately, a minority of 27 PDP Senators liaised with about 30 APC Senators to elect Saraki to the seat of Senate Presidency. Gbajabiamila, APC’s anointed candidate for Speaker position could not measure up at the end of the day, and therefore, lost out, paving the way for the emergence of Yakubu Dogara. Before and after his election as President of the Senate, Senator Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan and the inner caucus of APC stalwarts and some APC Senators-elect had been getting on Senator Saraki’s nerves, trying to tear him down.

Asiwaju Ahmed Bola Tinubu was very disturbed with the emergence of Bukola Saraki as President of the Senate, knowing well enough that Bukola Saraki, a self-opinionated and stubborn politician, would not sway, coupled with the fact that he, Saraki has been a member of the PDP who crossed over to the APC at the last minute when it deemed necessary for him to do so. This means that Saraki’s loyalty could be expected to be with the APC. He has no regard for the party hierarchy. If he had any regard for the party hierarchy, he would have stood aside for Senator Ahmed Lawan; the man chose by the party as its anointed candidate to the seat of the Senate President.

                                                                          

Time without number, Saraki had emphasized that he stepped down for President Muhammadu Buhari during the primaries and would not sacrifice his Senate Presidency on the altar of another man’s ambition. But did his argument ring true; bearing in mind that he was not one of those who contested the APC presidential primaries which Muhammadu Buhari won by a landslide?

The Saraki family is famed to have captured the soul of Kwara state since the 1970s. Bukola Saraki’s father was a Senate leader from 1979-1983. But Bukola Saraki’s political career began in 2000 when he was appointed Special Assistant to President Olusegun Obasanjo on Budget. In 2003, he ran for the office of the Executive Governor on the platform of the Peoples’ Democratic Party, PDP, and emerged victorious. He was Governor of Kwara state from 2003-2011. Saraki was a Governor of many firsts. Under him, Kwara state became the first to complete the Nigeria Independent Power Project and also the first state to embark on a campaign geared at reducing maternal/child mortality rate by distributing treated mosquito nets all over the state. In 2011, Bukola Saraki ran for the office of the Senator representing Kwara Central Senatorial District and won, succeeding his sister, Gbemisola Saraki-Fowora.

With his defiance of Jagaban and the APC party hierarchy to emerge President of the Senate, Bukola has proved that he is a man with balls that can stand his ground. Bola Tinubu is not only agitated by the turn of events in the National Assembly but also rudely shocked to the bones because there can’t be two champions in a ring at the same time. A fierce power tussle has been reported to be brimming faster than was expected in the political theater since then.

Bukola Saraki has since maintained that he has reached out to the President, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari but when asked by newsmen if Saraki had reached out to the president as he claimed, Femi Adesina, media spokesperson to the President said that “the president has always maintained that the party is supreme. The party started a process which was truncated. The president has always maintained that those who truncated or aborted the process were the ones who precipitated crisis. The president had said in earlier statements that he would work with anybody who emerged the Senate President, but then, that did not include those who will subvert the process...”

However, with the way Saraki’s recognition as Senate President continues to gain momentum in the country, it becomes pertinent for Bola Tinubu to admit his impotence at unseating Bukola Saraki from the throne of the Senate Presidency. Week after week, Saraki continues to whittle down his remaining influences in the Senate, reminding him that every political career ends in failure especially for those who don’t know when to stop pushing, the case of Goodluck Jonathan being a critical example.

The political sagacity of Asiwaju does not transcend across all political shores of the country. Bukola Saraki wanted to be Senate President and that was why he defected from the PDP to the APC. He could have won his senatorial seat under any political platform but he needed the APC to become Senate President since PDP has become a minority in both chambers of the National Assembly. With this turn of events, Northern power blocs seem wary of the Yorubas. It apperas that they only aligned with the Southwest for a political purpose which has already been achieved; the election of Muhammadu Buhari as president.

The only handwriting on the wall is that “Jagaban was used”.

 Emmanuel Ifediata.

ANAMBRA CITIZEN'S REPORT

Look at the skyline of Awka, the capital 'city' of Anambra State. From this aerial view, it is visible, even to the blind, that Awka is not close to becoming the Las Vegas that this administration promised to turn it into.

From the picture, the chaos of disorderliness endemic in Anambra State is evident in the picture which shows a conspicuous lacuna of town planning in Awka.

Do we really have a government?

BLACK CIVILIZATION REVEALED

  This deeply researched material will interest you if you are on who is interested in African history. It goes a long way to explain the hidden truth about African civilization- the earliest to ever exist- and the way it was covered up by the imperialists who felt Africa was not worthy to be the bedrock of civilization. The article you are about to read was culled from Nairaland.com Read on...
 

Tomb Art From Ancient Egypt: A Black African Civilization (pics) by ROSSIKE: 4:26am On Sep 20, 2009

Black Africans pioneered the world's FIRST major civilization in Egypt, invented writing, architecture, medicine, the sciences, mining, mathematics, philosophy, religion, and the very concept of laws. The pioneering effort of these early Africans led to the modern world we have today. Pharaoh Narmer. (Menes) First Dynasty. First ruler of Egypt. This bust is dated to 3,100 BC  Tomb Wall of Prince Amenkhepeshet The Prince is the son of King Ramses II & Queen Nefertari, and the grandson of the Pharaoh Seti I. Khnumhotep II was Overseer of the Eastern Desert, a title granted in Year 19 of the reign of the Pharaoh Amenemhet II, about 1910 B.C., 12th dynasty The tomb of Khnumhotep II is cut deep into the eastern cliffs that border the Nile at Beni Hassan Priestly ceremony [img]http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/saqqara/twobros/figsrope.jpg[/img] Statue of Horemakhet Thutmose III Osiris Sarcophagus of Horkhebit Tomb of King Horemheb - 18th Dynasty Farmers [img]http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/isis_black.jpg[/img] Isis Amenemhet I, 1st King, 12th Dynasty Period: 6th Dynasty, Reign of Pepi I (2289-2255 BC)  Niankhpepi was the "Supervisor of Upper Egpt" and "Chancellor of the King of Lower Egypt".  Material: Papyrus Size: Height 37 cm; Length: 450 cm Location: Western Thebes, Deir el-Bahri Cache (TT 320) Excavation: Antiquities Service Excavations of 1881 Period: 21st Dynasty reign of Pinudjem I (About 1065-1045 BC)  Akheperkare Thutmose I (d. 1492 BC; sometimes spelled Thutmosis or Tuthmose) was the third Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. He ruled Egypt from 1504 BC until his death in 1492 BC. He was the father of the Pharaohs Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, and was the first king to be buried in the Valley of the Kings (tombs KV20 and KV38).  (Quote) (Report) (Like) (Share)

Re: Tomb Art From Ancient Egypt: A Black African Civilization (pics) by ROSSIKE: 4:39am On Sep 20, 2009

Seti I King Sahure 5th Dynasty (2458-2446 B.C.) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Bes. Deity. 600 BC Nefertiti Middle Kingdom, about 2040-1750 BC 6th Dynasty. Around 2200 BC From the tomb of King Tutunkhamun Painted limestone relief showing two Princesses shaking sistrums. Excavated from a chapel called the 'Weben Ateb' at the Great Temple in Amarna in 1932. Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York. Tomb of Rameses III Tomb of Pharaoh Horemheb Another new kingdom tomb, Rameses VII: (KV1) Tomb of Paheri Prophet of Min & Isis Najtmin: Ancient Egyptians pounded FUFU  Syrians paying tribute, New Kingdom tomb relief. Tomb of Nakht Note Somaloid look [img]http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/~hfairchi/courses/Fall2002/EGYPTSLIDES2_files/slide0015_image018.jpg?SSImageQuality=Full[/img] Tomb of king Tutunkhamun [img]http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/~hfairchi/courses/Fall2002/EGYPTSLIDES2_files/slide0015_image018.jpg?SSImageQuality=Full[/img] Statue of King Nebhepetre II Mentuhotep (Quote) (Report) (Like) (Share)

Re: Tomb Art From Ancient Egypt: A Black African Civilization (pics) by ROSSIKE: 4:51am On Sep 20, 2009

THE DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE Note: All of Africa South of the Sahara was known to the ancient Greeks as ''Ethiopia''. Greek historian Diodorus Siculus. From his own statements we learn that he traveled in Egypt around 60 BC. His travels in Egypt probably took him as far south as the first Cataract. "They (the Ethiopians) say also that the Egyptians are colonists sent out by the Ethiopians, Osiris ["King of Kings and God of Gods] having been the leader of the colony . . . they add that the Egyptians have received from them, as from authors and their ancestors, the greater part of their laws."  Diodorus's declared intention to trace the origins of the cult of Osiris, alias the Greek Dionysus also commonly known by his Roman name Bacchus. The Homeric Hymn "To Dionysus" locates the birth of Dionysus in a mysterious city of Nysa "near the streams of Aegyptus" (Hesiod 287). Diodorus cites this reference as well as the ancient belief that Dionysus was the son of Ammon, king of Libya (3.68.1), and much of Book 3 of the Bibliotheka Historica is devoted to the intertwined histories of Dionysus and the god-favored Ethiopians whom he believed to be the originators of Egyptian civilization.  [emphasis added] (1st century B.C., Diodorus Siculus of Sicily, Greek historian and contemporary of Caesar Augustus, Universal History Book III. 2. 4-3. 3) Diodorus devoted an entire chapter of his world history, the Bibliotheke Historica, or Library of History (Book 3), to the Kushites ["Aithiopians"] of Meroe. Here he repeats the story of their great piety, their high favor with the gods, and adds the fascinating legend that they were the first of all men created by the gods and were the founders of Egyptian civilization, invented writing, and had given the Egyptians their religion and culture. (3.3.2). "Now they relate that of all people the Aithiopians [Ethiopians] were the earliest, and say that the proofs of this are clear. That they did not arrive as immigrants but are the natives of the country and therefore rightly are called authochthonous is almost universally accepted. That those who live in the South are likely to be the first engendered by the earth is obvious to all. For as it was the heat of the sun that dried up the earth while it was still moist, at the time when everything came into being, and caused life, they say it is probable that it was the region closest to the sun that first bore animate beings". [160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans.] Diodorus continues: "They further write that it was among them that people were first taught to honor the gods and offer sacrifices and arrange processions and festivals and perform other things by which people honor the divine. For this reason their piety is famous among all men, and the sacrifices among the Aithiopians are believed to be particularly pleasing to the divinity,"  "The Aithiopians [Ethiopians] say that the Egyptians are settlers from among themselves and that Osiris was the leader of the settlement.The customs of the Egyptians, they say, are for the most part Aithiopian, the settlers having preserved their old traditions. For to consider the kings gods, to pay great attention to funeral rites, and many other things, are Aithiopian practices, and also the style of their statues and the form of their writing are Aithiopian. Also the way the priestly colleges are organized is said to be the same in both nations. For all who have to do with the cult of the gods, they maintain, are [ritually] pure: the priests are shaved in the same way, they have the same robes and the type of scepter shaped like a plough, which also the kings have, who use tall pointed felt hats ending in a knob, with the snakes that they call the asp (aspis) coiled round them." "There are also numerous other Aithiopian tribes [i.e. besides those centered at Meroe]; some live along both sides of the river Nile and on the islands in the river, others dwell in the regions that border on Arabia [i.e. to the east], others again have settled in the interior of Libya [i.e. to the west]. The majority of these tribes, in particular those who live along the river, have black skin, snub-nosed faces, and curly hair".  (Diodous Siculus, Bibliotheke, 3. Translated by Tomas Hagg, in Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, vol. II: From the Mid-Fifth to the First Century BC (Bergen, Norway, 1996)) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Greek philosopher, scientist, and tutor to Alexander the Great.  Aristotle is said to have written 150 philosophical treatises. "Too black a hue marks the coward as witness Egyptians and Ethiopians and so does also too white a complexion as you may see from women, the complexion of courage is between the two." (Physiognomics, Vol. VI, 812a) Aristotle makes reference to the hair form of Egyptians and Ethiopians: "Why are the Ethiopians and Egyptians bandy-legged? Is it because the bodies of living creatures become distorted by heat, like logs of wood when they become dry? The condition of their hair supports this theory; for it is curlier than that of other nations, and curliness is as it were crookedness of the hair." (Physiognomics, Book XIV, p. 317) The evidence of Lucian (Greek writer, 125 B.C.) is as explicit as that of the previous writers. He introduces two Greeks, Lycinus and Timolaus, who start a conversation: Lycinus (describing a young Egyptian): "This boy is not merely black; he has thick lips and his legs are too thin . . . his hair worn in a plait behind shows that he is not a freeman." Timolaus: "But that is a sign of really distinguished birth in Egypt, Lycinus, All freeborn children plait their hair until they reach manhood. It is the exact opposite of the custom of our ancestors who thought it seemly for old men to secure their hair with a gold brooch to keep it in place." (Lucian, Navigations, paras 2-3) Herodotus (circa 400 bc) (Known to western historians as the Father of History) Herodotus also asserted that "the names of nearly all the gods came to Greece from Egypt . . . for the names of all the gods have been known in Egypt from the beginning of time . . . It was the Egyptians too who originated, and taught the Greeks . . . ceremonial meeting, processions and liturgies . . . The Egyptians were also the first to assign each month and each day to a particular deity, and to foretell the date of a man's birth, his character, his fortunes, and the day of his death . . . The Egyptians, too have made more use of omens and prognostics than any other nation. . ." (Herodotus, The Histories, 149-150; 152; 159). ''There can be no doubt that the Colchians are an Egyptian race. Before I heard any mention of the fact from others, I had remarked it myself. After the thought had struck me, I made inquiries on the subject both in Colchis and in Egypt, and I found that the Colchians had a more distinct recollection of the Egyptians, than the Egyptians had of them. Still the Egyptians said that they believed the Colchians to be descended from the army of Sesostris. My own conjectures were founded, first, on the fact that they are black-skinned and have woolly hair, which certainly amounts to but little, since several other nations are so too. But further and more especially, on the circumstance that the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learned the custom of the Egyptians. And the Syrians who dwell about the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius, as well as their neighbors the Macronians, say that they have recently adopted it from the Colchians. Now these are the only nations who use circumcision, and it is plain that they all imitate herein the Egyptians. With respect to the Ethiopians, indeed, I cannot decide whether they learned the practice of the Egyptians, or the Egyptians of them (it is undoubtedly of very ancient date in Ethiopia). But that the others derived their knowledge of it from Egypt is clear to me, from the fact that the Phoenicians, when they come to have commerce with the Greeks, cease to follow the Egyptians in this custom, and allow their children to remain uncircumcised.'' (Herodotus, The Histories, Book 2:104) The opinion of the ancient writers on the Egyptians is more or less summed up by French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero The Dawn of Civilization (1894), when he says, "By the almost unanimous testimony of ancient historians, they [the Egyptians] belong to an African race which first settled in Ethiopia on the Middle Nile: following the course of the river they gradually reached the sea." The German scholar, Eugen Georg, in his book The Adventure of Mankind (1931) p. 121, tells us about the ". . . world-wide dominance of Ethiopian representatives of the black race. They were supreme in Africa and Asia. In upper Egypt and India they erected mighty religious centers and mastered a perfect technique in the molding of bronze --- and they even infiltrated through Southern Europe for a thousand years." In his book Egypt, British scholar Sir E.A. Wallis Budge says: "The prehistoric native of Egypt, both in the old and in the new Stone Ages, was African and there is every reason for saying that the earliest settlers came from the South." He further states: "There are many things in the manners and customs and religions of the historic Egyptians that suggests that the original home of their prehistoric ancestors was in a country in the neighborhood of Uganda and Punt." (Some historians believe that the biblical land of Punt was in the area known on modern maps as Somalia.) Stephanus of Byzantium, who is said to represent the opinions of the most ancient Greeks, says: "Ethiopia was the first established country on the earth, and the Ethiopians were the first who introduced the worship of the Gods and who established laws." Quoted by John D. Baldwin, Prehistoric Nations, p. 62. Arnold Hermann Heeren (1760-1842), Professor of History and Politics in the University of Gottengen and one of the ablest of the early exponents of the economic interpretation of history, published, in the fourth and revised edition of his great work Ideen Uber Die Politik, Den Verkehr Und Den Handel Der Vornehmsten Volker Der Alten Weld, a lengthy essay on the history, culture, and commerce of the ancient Ethiopians, which had profound influence on contemporary writers in the conclusion that it was among these ancient Black people of Africa and Asia that international trade was first developed.  He thinks that as a by-product of these international contacts there was an exchange of ideas and cultural practices that laid the foundations of the earliest civilizations of the ancient world. Heeren in his researches says: "From the remotest times to the present, the Ethiopians have been one of the most celebrated, and yet the most mysterious of nations. In the earliest traditions of nearly all the  civilized nations of antiquity, the name of this distant people is found. The annals of the Egyptian priests are full of them, and the nations of inner Asia, on the Euphrates and Tigris, have interwoven the fictions of the Ethiopians with their traditions of the wars and conquests of their heroes; and, at a period equally remote, they glimmer in Greek mythology. When the Greeks scarcely knew Italy and Sicily by name, the Ethiopians were celebrated in the verses of their poets, and when the faint gleam of tradition and fable gives way to the clear light of history, the lustre of the Ethiopians is not diminished." The French writer Constantin-François Volney (1757-1820), in his important work, The Ruins of Empires, extends this point of view by saying that the Egyptians were the first people to "attain the physical and moral sciences necessary to civilized life." In referring to the basis of this achievement he states further that, "It was, then, on the borders of the Upper Nile, among a Black race of men, that was organized the complicated system of worship of the stars, considered in relation to the productions of the earth and the labors of agriculture; and this first worship, characterized by their adoration under their own forms and national attributes, was a simple proceeding of the human mind." Volney's Ruins; or, Meditation on the Revolutions of Empires, Boston, J. Mendum, 1869 Flora Shaw's (alias Lady Flora Lugard) book is an extraordinary look at the history of Africa, which she gathered from countless sources, and one would imagine a great deal of it came from the British Library and from the archives of The Times of London, for whom she had for many years been the Foreign Political Correspondent. She had always been known to be an intensive researcher into her subject matter, and one wonders at the months and probably years she put into this undertaking, which became the reference work for so many future books on Africa. This book was first published 100 years ago showing the detail and descriptive power, and the greatness that Africa once was. Lady Lugard argues that:  "When the history of Negroland comes to be written in detail, it may be found that the kingdoms lying towards the eastern end of Sudan (classical home of Ancient Ethiopians) were the home of races who inspired, rather than of races who received, the tradition of civilization associated for us with the name of ancient Egypt. For they cover on either side of the Upper Nile between the latitudes of ten degrees and seventeen degrees, territories in which are found monuments more ancient than the oldest Egyptian monuments. If this should prove to be the case and civilized world be forced to recognize in a black people the fount of its original enlightenment, it may happen that we shall have to revise entirely our view of the black races, and regard those who now exist as the decadent representatives of an almost forgotten era, rather than as the embryonic possibility of an era yet to come." "The fame of the ancient Ethiopians (ancient Kushites) was widespread in ancient history. Herodotus described them as the tallest, most beautiful and long-lived of the human races, and before Herodotus, Homer, in even more flattering language, described them as the most just of men, the favorites of the gods. The annals of all the great early nations of Asia Minor are full of them. The Mosaic records allude to them frequently; but while they are described as the most powerful, the most just, and the most beautiful of the human race, they are constantly spoken of as Black, and there seems to be no other conclusion to be drawn than at that remote period of history, the leading race of the Western World was a Black race." Lady Lugard/Flora Shaw Lugard, Asa G. Hilliard, III, A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Sudan With an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria, Black Classic Press (1996). credit: Nairaland.com